http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/rss/7 This feed contains all new content on the Chatham House website related to Americas. http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/459/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/459/ As the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approaches its sixtieth anniversary, this month's The World Today looks at the status of human rights worldwide. Louise Arbour, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 2004-8, writes that while there may be much to celebrate, the goal of making human rights truly universal is far from being achieved. Profound and deepening divisions between rich and poor, a security environment that exposes minorities to additional risks, and an expanded UN membership, have all amplified and exacerbated cultural, religious and political divisions especially on issues such as human rights. Against this background of shifting interests and values, in the name of which, all too often, discrimination is perpetrated, international human rights law provides the best, most reliable and fairest guide for managing and protecting multiple identities. The task now is not only to prompt states to give real effect to human rights but also to create a constituency for the middle ground where different national and regional interests, concerns and experiences can meet, be reconciled and directed to honour the purpose of the Universal Declaration. This will ensure future generations are better equipped to uphold the Declaration's universal principles. Read article. More about The World Today >> Full list of contents: Human Rights Anniversary: Without Want or Fear Louise Arbour China and Human Rights: Power to the People Kerry Brown Rights in Africa: Why Africa? Bonita C. Meyersfield Children's Rights: Young and Vulnerable Mary Buckley Islam and Human Rights: In the Name of Islam Maha Azzam United States and Human Rights: Ending Lapse into Lawlessness Kenneth Roth US Presidential Election: Choice or Echo? Robert Singh UN and EU Terrorist Blacklists: I've Got a Little List Monika Heupel Book Review: Punishing the Wicked David Bentley Ukraine and NATO: Destination Unknown James Sherr Angola Elections: Back to Ballots Indira Campos Politically-Capped Reserves: Let the Oil Flow? Daniel Litvin Securing Electricty: Blackout Bill Durodié Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:37:15 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/458/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/458/ In this issue of International Afffairs, Thomas Hegghammer traces the history of the Saudi jihadist movement. Based on primary sources and extensive fieldwork in the Kingdom, the article argues that jihadism in Saudi Arabia differs from jihadism in the Arab republics as it's driven primarily by extreme pan-Islamism and not socio-revolutionary ideology. The article also traces the outbreak - and failure - of the 2003 terrorist campaign by 'Al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula' (QAP). This campaign was made possible by the presence in 2002 of a critical mass of returnees from Afghanistan, a clever two-track strategy by Al-Qaeda, and systemic weaknesses in the Saudi security apparatus. The near-absence of violence in the Kingdom before 2003 was due to Al-Qaeda's weak infrastructure in the early 1990s and bin Laden's 1998 decision to suspend operations to preserve local networks. Now, the Saudi regime is more stable and self-confident - and therefore less inclined to democratic reform -than it has been in many years. Read article. Full list of contents: The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention Alex J Bellamy Righting the Course? Humanitarian Intervention, the 'War on Terror' and the Future of Afghanistan Fatima Ayub and Sari Kouvo The Vienna Negotiations on the Final Status of Kosovo Marc Weller Iran Under Ahmadinejad: Populism and its Malcontents Ali Ansari Islamist Violence and Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia Thomas Hegghammer 'An Enemy at the Gates' or 'From Victory to Victory'? Russian Foreign Policy Andrew Monaghan Security and Democracy: The ASEAN Charter and the Dilemmas of Regionalism in South-East Asia David Martin Jones Using Negotiation to Promote Legitimacy: An Assessment of Proposals for Reforming the WTO Cecilia Albin The Dynamics of British Military Transformation Theo Farrell The End of Impunity? Lessons from Sierra Leone Gillian Wigglesworth Book Reviews Other Books Received Index of Books Reviewed Mon, 28 Jul 2008 15:21:50 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/894/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/894/ 16:30, 15th September 2008 - It is widely thought that the next US administration's foreign policy will differ from that of the Bush administration. This is probably true with regard to issues such as Iraq, climate change, democracy promotion, diplomatic contact with Iran and North Korea, and relations with key Asian states China, Japan, and India. The speaker will suggest that the candidates are less distinct from each other than we might have been led to believe. Mon, 28 Jul 2008 10:20:48 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2308/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2308/ Tue, 22 Jul 2008 11:35:01 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2307/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2307/ Tue, 22 Jul 2008 11:33:35 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2306/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2306/ Tue, 22 Jul 2008 11:31:24 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/962/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/962/ As the US and the UK commemorate five decades of their special nuclear relationship embodied in the Mutual Defence Agreement (MDA), Chatham House and CSIS examine the history behind the agreement and the broader significance of the US-UK nuclear relationship. Mon, 21 Jul 2008 17:32:50 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/456/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/456/ As President Sarkozy prepares to reinvigorate the regional arrangement between the EU and the Mediterranean - the Barcelona Process - Claire Spencer argues in Europe and the Mediterranean: Eyeing Other Shores, that the project is flawed having failed 'to escape its underlying logic: that it is a European initiative'. As such, the process has been designed to meet Europe's own regional objectives rather than foster cooperation and integration. It is not clear why there is a need for another regional Mediterranean Partnership. The slow results of existing efforts suggest the current framework could be part of the problem as much as the solution. And yet, President Sarkozy has gone to great lengths in promoting his new framework for regional cooperation, soon to be adopted by the EU. With France leading the union's initial launch and project selection, there are grave suspicions that it will be used to advance French commercial interests under an EU umbrella. To survive, the scheme must be flexible and new mechanisms will be needed to overcome the deficiencies of the Barcelona Process itself, as well as its new addition. It must be visible through the direct engagement of those most immediately motivated by shared interests on both sides of the Mediterranean. More about The World Today >> Full list of contents: European Union Treaty: Trust the PeopleRobin Shepherd Ireland No Vote: Ways Out of the Irish Puzzle Thomas Legge Europe and the Mediterranean: Eyeing Other Shores Claire Spencer South Africa: Fundamental Failures Merle Lipton Book Review: Good for Government Alex Vines Small Arms: Gun Control Eric Berman The Gulf in the G8 Agenda: Top Table Time? Vanessa Rossi and Ruth Davis Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy: Discreet Persuasion Neil Partrick Energy for Asia: Chasing Pipe Dreams Elizabeth Mills Burma after the Cyclone: Making a Disaster Out of a Cyclone Ashley South Analysing North Korea: Big Wheel Turning Rudiger Frank Profile - Sir Richard Dearlove: Overestimating Al Qaeda?Sean Armstrong Mon, 30 Jun 2008 16:44:40 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1781/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1781/ Ahead of the French holiday rush for relaxation in warm waters, President Nicolas Sarkozy has flung himself into the Mediterranean policy pool. Not content with existing arrangements, plans and processes for dealing with those on the other shore, the President has built his very own scheme, now adopted by the European Union. But the tides have not been altogether kind. Thu, 26 Jun 2008 12:31:09 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/876/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/876/ 15:00, 2nd July 2008 - US Treasury Secretary Henry M Paulson will discuss the challenges facing the global and US economy. As US Treasury Secretary, Paulson is the President's leading policy advisor on a broad range of domestic and international economic issues. Wed, 18 Jun 2008 17:12:13 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/448/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/448/ In this month's The World Today, Robert Falkner exposes the weak regulatory system of nanotechnology in Nanotechnology Dangers: Who's Afraid of Nanotech? In a little-noticed announcement, Britain's Soil Association declared that any foods containing nanotechnology additives can no longer be labeled 'organic'. This is the first ban on nanotechnology of its kind worldwide and comes after scientists are becoming increasingly concerned that nanoscale particles may react in unexpected ways, potentially causing harm to the human body and environment. And yet, few consumers realize that manufactured nanoparticles have been in commercial use for years and can be found in a wide range of products - skincare cream, sports clothing, cooking oil and wall coatings. Regulatory oversight of the new technology is patchy and underdeveloped. As so often in modern industrial history, regulators are struggling to keep up with technological innovation. Scientists were the first to raise concerns about the speed with which nanotechnology products were emerging on the market without adequate guarantees on their safety. Now, the insurance industry has added its voice to the chorus calling for more regulatory oversight. All agree that a wider public debate is needed as well as better government regulatory oversight. Existing environmental and consumer protection is not enough. None of the leading nanotech countries wants to undercut the high growth and innovation potential that nanotechnology presents. But as pressures grow for regulators to act on safety concerns, the search for the right balance between regulatory precaution and technology promotion is bound to become more complicated. More about The World Today >> Full list of contents: Food Prices: Feeding the Ten Billion Alex Evans Asian Rivers - Food and Power: Dams It Is! David Fullbrook Lebanon: Futile Victory Nadim Shehadi Nanotechnology Dangers: Who's Afraid of Nanotech? Robert Falkner G8 Summit and the International Economic Crisis: Shocks, Summits, Solutions DeAnne Julius G8 and Russian Foreign Policy: Overcoming Shortcomings John Lough Japan, Africa and the G8: Beyond Daydreams Elizabeth Donnelly Angola: Fuelling Friendships Indira Campos The British Economy: Bumpy Ride for Britain?Vanessa Rossi Thu, 22 May 2008 13:22:53 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/447/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/447/ This special issue of International Affairs looks at the changing dynamics in the international economic system from an interdisciplinary standpoint, unpacking some of the emerging processes of globalization and investigating the relationship between power and rule-setting. The framing question behind the special issue is how the global order has to change in order to accommodate the enlargement of the playing field and in particular the emergence of fast-growing developing economies. How is this shift going to affect the distribution of power, both among nations and between state and non-state actors? Is this shift going to drive a fundamental rethinking of the rules governing relations between countries - and regions - and institutions? These pertinent questions are explored in this special issue. In his article, Anthony Payne charts the history of the G8, arguing that it came to demonstrate and symbolize the triumph of western capitalist liberal democracy over its rival Soviet system. In that sense the G8 constituted the club of the winners of late twentieth century history. But it has long been beset by problems of legitimacy and efficiency. To achieve its ambitions and meet new challenges the G8 must face up to the new realities of the global political system. It has recognised that it needs to incorporate new powers such as Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa into its affairs. But these countries will have to show that they are willing to work within the framework of western leadership. Only then will the formation of a relevant G13 become a politically realistic possibility. Full list of contents: Introduction: Power and Rules in a Changing Economic Order Paola Subacchi Globalization, empire and natural lawHarold James The case of the World Trade Organization John H. Jackson The international monetary system: Diffusion and ambiguity Benjamin J. Cohen Europe as a global actor: Empire by example? Jan Zielonka New power centres and new power brokers: Are they shaping a new economic order?Paola Subacchi Beyond the Washington Consensus? Asia and Latin America in search of more autonomous development Jean Grugel, Pia Riggirozzi and Ben Thirkell-White The G8 in a changing global economic order Anthony Payne Setting the rules: Private power, political underpinnings, and legitimacy in global monetary and financial governance Geoffrey R D Underhill and Xiaoke Zhang Book Reviews Other Books Received Index of Books Received Thu, 22 May 2008 12:44:28 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/849/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/849/ 17:30, 10th June 2008 - THIS EVENT HAS BEEN POSTPONED. FURTHER DETAILS WILL FOLLOW The speaker will discuss the circumstances in which Donald Rumsfeld approved new techniques for interrogation at Guantanamo in late 2002. He will argue that the decision violated international law and abandoned a long-standing American tradition of military restraint, coming from the top down, and not from the bottom up, as the US Administration claims. Finally the speaker will comment on how he believes his new book Torture Team and related articles caused the Judiciary Committee of the US House of Representatives to open hearings on the role of senior Administration lawyers in the detainee abuses that followed 9/11. Wed, 21 May 2008 15:23:26 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/845/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/845/ 12:00, 10th June 2008 - Whilst acknowledging that the US does face real and sometimes serious economic, diplomatic and geopolitical problems both at home and abroad Professor Lieber will argue that there is an unmistakable echo of the past in current debate concerning the decline of American hegemony. He will suggest instead that this continues a pattern of over-reaction, a-historicism, and a lack of appreciation for the robustness and staying power of the United States. Tue, 20 May 2008 10:23:07 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/838/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/838/ 16:00, 21st May 2008 - A major voice in American public policy and foreign affairs Dr Robert Kagan is listed as one of the world's 'Top 100 Public Intellectuals' by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines. Recently cited by presidential hopeful Senator John McCain as being one of several conservatives whom the senator calls up for guidance and advice on foreign policy, Kagan is currently based in Brussels as a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Famous for the observation, 'Americans are from Mars, Europeans are from Venus', his book Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order was a national and international bestseller. Dr Kagan served in the United States State Department as a deputy for policy in the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, and was a member of the policy planning staff as principal speechwriter to the US Secretary of State George P Shultz. He writes a monthly column on world affairs for the Washington Post, and is a contributing editor at both the Weekly Standard and the New Republic. Wed, 14 May 2008 09:40:16 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1769/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1769/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Thu, 01 May 2008 13:22:53 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1768/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1768/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Thu, 01 May 2008 13:22:04 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1767/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1767/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Thu, 01 May 2008 13:20:30 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1766/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1766/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Thu, 01 May 2008 13:19:24 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1744/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1744/ Malaysia is once again absorbed by the struggle between the Prime Minister, Dr Mohamed Mahathir, and his former protege and deputy, Anwar Ibrahim. Anwar is on trial for a second time having already been jailed for corruption. The battle has moved to the printed word with supporters of both sides authoring shocking tracts. In this sleazy atmosphere a general election is on the cards. Wed, 30 Apr 2008 15:35:03 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1743/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1743/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Wed, 30 Apr 2008 15:25:45 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1742/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1742/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Wed, 30 Apr 2008 15:13:06 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1741/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1741/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Wed, 30 Apr 2008 14:59:04 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1740/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1740/ This is a pdf of the full issue. Wed, 30 Apr 2008 14:01:38 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/826/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/826/ 17:00, 2nd June 2008 - In 1966, US Senator J. William Fulbright warned of 'the arrogance of power'. But what should be the attributes of power in the 21st century? The speaker will discuss the foundations of American leadership in a world where global challenges demand cooperative solutions. This event is held in association with the UK-US Fulbright Commission, which was conceived by Senator Fulbright and celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. It provides postgraduate students, academics and professionals with grants to expand their educational and cultural experience through a period of study, lecturing or research abroad. Tue, 29 Apr 2008 16:56:27 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1727/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/twt/archive/view/-/id/1727/ This month marks the centenary of a truly pivotal moment in the history of the Middle East, and indeed of the wider world. For in the early hours of May 26 1908, at a remote spot in the Persian mountains, a drilling team led by an intrepid British geologist, George Reynolds, suddenly felt the ground rumbling and then watched a stinking black torrent burst through. Amidst exultant shouts, oilhad been discovered in the Middle East and a new era in international relations was born. A century on, can the oil boom continue? Mon, 28 Apr 2008 12:14:37 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/811/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/811/ 08:30, 7th May 2008 - Leading pollster John Zogby will present an insider's view of the US polling process heading into the November general election. He will share his up-to-the-minute insights on the mood of the American electorate, the top issues in the campaign, and where the candidates stand in the latest polls. He will also reveal major themes of his forthcoming book, The Way We'll Be: The Zogby Report on the Transformation of the American Dream, to be published by Random House in the US and UK in August. Tue, 22 Apr 2008 10:07:37 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/802/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/view/-/id/802/ 17:00, 28th April 2008 - Poland's accession to both NATO and the European Union has extended the reach of both Washington and Brussels while simultaneously locking central and eastern Europe's most strategically significant country firmly into the structures of the West. At times, this has placed Poland in the awkward position of having to find a point of balance between its interests and obligations vis-à-vis the United States and its interests and obligations vis-à-vis the European Union. The speaker will consider how successful Poland has been in walking this diplomatic tightrope. Thu, 17 Apr 2008 08:44:50 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/440/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/440/ Robert Mueller, Director of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, told an audience at Chatham House today that terrorism as a tactic would be defeated during his tenure as the head of the organisation. When asked how long he felt the United States would be fighting terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda, Director Mueller replied: 'I don't think it will be millennia or even generations. I think we'll see victory on my watch.' When pressed on his statement Director Mueller explained that he thought the current use of indiscriminate IEDs (improvised explosive devices) would wane as a tactic unless it was linked to some sort of comprehensive ideology. Director Mueller also praised the effective cooperation between the intelligence and law enforcement services of the US and the UK: 'I am particularly grateful for the relationship between the FBI and our British counterparts. It remains a model of international intelligence and law enforcement cooperation. 'Our information-sharing is getting faster, easier, and more detailed every day. As recently as a year ago, we had to hand-carry hard copies of classified files to each other's offices. Today the process is automated. 'I can tell you that the vast majority of the FBI's terrorism cases originate from information developed by our partners overseas - even those cases in which the suspected terrorists and the potential targets are all on American soil.' Click here to view a transcript of 'From 9/11 to 7/7: Global Terrorism Today and the Challenges of Tomorrow' For further information please contact: Sean Armstrong Press Officer Direct: +44 (0) 20 7957 5739 Mobile: +44 (0) 78 4985 3757 ENDS Mon, 07 Apr 2008 16:14:54 +0100 http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/437/ http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/news/view/-/id/437/ In advance of the Bucharest Conference, taking place 1-3 April, alongside the official 2008 NATO Summit, the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Chatham House announce the release of The Bucharest Conference Papers. Edited by Robin Shepherd, Senior Fellow for Europe, Chatham House, the Bucharest Conference Papers highlight some of the core issues and obstacles that confront NATO. These expert analyses are of particular importance to policymakers, governments, media, and think tanks in assessing the key challenges facing NATO and providing a framework of cooperation that could result, if not in a stronger alliance, then at least in a more open one. These policy papers will also frame the conversation and shape the topics on the agenda for the Bucharest Conference where the keynote speakers include Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai and NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. This Bucharest Papers and details of the speakres are also available from the Bucharest Conference website. The four key areas of focus for the Papers include: NATO and Afghanistan: Saving the State-Building Enterprise By Daoud Yaqub, Research Scholar, Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies (The Middle East and Central Asia) Australian National University and Dr. William Maley, Professor and Director, Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy, Australian National University Afghanistan presents NATO with both its greatest opportunity and its most pressing threat. An alliance established to secure Europe from the might of the Soviet Union at a time dominated by Cold War tensions is now struggling to find its direction in a very different environment, and is under pressure to transform its way of operating at both military and political levels. If NATO's Afghanistan mission comes to be seen as a failure, it is difficult to envisage other constructive purposes to which the alliance might readily be put in a post-Soviet world. This paper focuses on the NATO mission in Afghanistan and its future success. NATO Expansion and Modern Europe By Bruce P. Jackson, President, Project on Transitional Democracies Focusing on the enlargement debate and what it means for Europe, this paper addresses two critical questions that NATO will be faced with as it prepares for the 2008 April Summit in Bucharest. The first is whether to invite Albania, Croatia, and Macedonia to join NATO, a decision that is the culmination of a 15-year effort to end the wars that followed the breakup of Yugoslavia. The second is what relationship Ukraine and Georgia should have with NATO. Would they be set on a course that could lead to eventual NATO membership, or would they be excluded? An Evolving NATO: Pro-Democracy or Anti-Russia? By Robin Shepherd, Senior Research Fellow for Europe, Chatham House and Dr. Paul Cornish, Carrington Chair in International Security, Head of the International Security Programme, Chatham House This paper focuses on the competing narratives of NATO-pro-democracy or anti-Russia-and asks the question of which stands up to scrutiny. Has NATO genuinely transformed itself from the days of the Cold War, when it was locked into an adversarial partnership with the former Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty Organization, into a benign and stabilizing presence in Europe and beyond? Or, conversely, does an enlarged and enlarging NATO, with ever more impressive military and communications capability and a predilection for political outreach and interventionist (or 'expeditionary') military operations beyond its original treaty area, represent a security threat to Russia? NATO and Global Cyber Defense By Dr. Rex B. Hughes, Research Associate, Communications Research Network, Cambridge University This paper discusses the initial NATO response to cyber defense while also examining other relevant issues that NATO policy planners need to consider as the alliance attempts to build sufficient capacity and expertise both to deter and to defend against future cyber attacks. As with other post-Cold War threats, cyber defense is an area where traditional lines of authority between civilian and military organizations have become blurred. Upon developing an effective cyber defense strategy, NATO planners would be wise to think far outside of traditional military culture. As recent events have shown, cyber enemies could span the spectrum from sophisticated terrorists to geeky teenagers. In addition, GMF and Chatham House invite you to visit the new Bucharest Conference website, where the agenda, session details, participant list, and discussant biographies are available. This interactive website provides a unique and user-friendly introduction to what will be yet another important event. Audio and video of all public sessions will be streamed live, and transcripts, audio, and video will be posted soon after each session. Please note that the working language of the forum is English. The Bucharest Conference will take place 1-3 April. Journalists are invited to cover the Bucharest Conference on-site. The Bucharest Papers are written by independent authors on the topics of NATO's mission in Afghanistan; NATO enlargement; global cyber defense and NATO; and NATO's relationship with Russia. The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of GMF, the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or Chatham House. For further information please contact: Sean Armstrong Press Officer Chatham House Press Office Direct: +44 (0) 20 7957 5739 Mobile: +44 (0) 78 4985 3757 ENDS Fri, 28 Mar 2008 15:07:55 +0000